Gender, Land Rights and Culture in
Laos: A Study in Vientiane, Districts, Villages and Households
Loes Schenk-Sandbergen Ph.D
Department Sociology/Anthropology
University of Amsterdam
The Netherlands
Abstract:
Laos is going through a rural transition phase of transforming co-operative,
communal and traditional land tenure ship to individual land 'ownership' and
use. In provinces and districts large-scale land surveys were carried out in
1994 and 1995 in order to issue Land Certificates and Land Tax Bills.
The data we (my counterparts and I) collected in 1994 on these operation, in
particular in the rice-growing villages along the Mekong, raised our profound
concern as we found that the whole approach and practice was very male-dominant.
As a result of a combination of gender aspects, it was found that although land
is inherited by women, the name put in land documents was mostly in the name of
'the head of the household': for the majority the men. We warned that the
largest threat for the undermining of the relatively high status of the majority
of Lao women might be located in the sphere of 'land legislation'. We insisted
that awareness raising and action should be taken immediately to safeguard the
land rights of women in Laos and to prevent drastic negative effects at all
levels of the society. We envisaged that with the male-dominated land
registration women may lose, as experience in other Third World countries shows,
one of the most basic and vital power resources: the land they have inherited
from their parents. This in view of the fact that Laos is one of the very few
countries left in the world in which bi-lineal descent and kinship, matrilocal
post marriage residence-, and matrilineal inheritance patterns still exist for a
large group of women.
As a preparation on the adjudication of land 'ownership' and land use in four
provinces, a small Pilot Land Title Project was launched in 1996-1997 in two
districts in Vientiane Municipality and in districts of the capitals of four
provinces: Vientiane, Luang Prabang, Savannakhet, and Champasak, and in
Vientiane Prefecture. With the above considerations in mind, and within the
context of the pilot phase, the Australian Agency for International Development
and the World Bank agreed that a study on 'Land, Gender and Social Issues' would
be useful to examine multi ethnic, and socio cultural aspects related to land
titling. We conducted the study in 1997 in a participatory way to involve the
implementing responsible staff of the Ministry of Land and Housing, the Lao
Women’s Union and NGO members. In total 10 districts were selected in Vientiane
Municipality and in the four provinces of the pilot land titling and in each
district two villages. In each village women from eight households were
interviewed. Interviews were conducted with district- and village heads and
authorities, with women's focus groups at the village level (total 221
respondents) and women at the household level (160). My paper will show the
participatory methodology, theoretical concepts and findings of the study.
Moreover, we searched for evidence to explore if the world-wide 'defeat' of
women-friendly societies is also happening in Laos, or, if there are indications
for a mild process of Lao Lumisation.